Common Fundamentals and Unit Operations in Thermal Desalination

Composition of Desalinated Water

Heinz Ludwig, Fichtner, Stuttgart, Germany

Distillate

Permeate

Product Water of the Hybrid RO/MSF Process

Dialysate

Environmental Impacts of Intakes and Outfalls

Marinus Vis, Water Resources and Environment Division, Delft Hydraulics, the Netherlands

Types of Impacts

Impacts on Specific Coastal Ecosystems

Environmental Impact of Seawater Desalination Plants

I.S. Al-Mutaz, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Pollutants from Desalination Plants

Thermal Impact

Air Pollution Problem

Pollutants Emitted from Power Plants

Methods of Air Pollution Control at the Power Plant

Pollution from the Jeddah Desalination Plant

Raw Water Pre-treatment: Introduction and Overview

Heinz Ludwig, Fichtner, Stuttgart, Germany

Pollution of Raw Water and its Measurement

Raw Water Extraction Installations

Measures to Prevent Biofouling

Pre-cleaning - Flocculation/Filtration and Sedimentation

Extended Pre-cleaning - Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Nanofiltration

Prevention of Scaling

Further Pre-treatment Measures - Ion Exchange and Precipitation Methods

Pre-cleaning Measures: Filtration

Dieter Saal, Darmstadt, Germany

General

Basic Principles of Filtration

Particle Transport and Agglomeration Mechanism

Filter Systems and Selection

Filter Dimensioning Principles

Filter Media and Selection

Filter Backwash Principles

Operation of Filter Equipment

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration

Ata M. Hassan, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, RDC Al-Jubail, Saudi Arabia

Kevin Price, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, U.S.A.

RO Feed Pretreatment by the Membrane Filtration Process

Flocculation and Flocculation Filtration

Dieter Saal, Darmstadt, Germany

Flocculation

Flocculation Filtration

Survey of Long Time Behaviour and Costs of Industrial Fluidized Bed Heat Exchangers

R. Rautenbach and T. Katz, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik der RWTH Aachen, Turmstraße 46, Aachen, Germany

Design

Heat transfer of a fluidized bed

Preventation of Fouling

Operating experiences with commercial units

Costs

Entrainment in Evaporators

C.D. Hornburg, Water Consultants International, Inc. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA

Fundamentals

Configuration and Parameters

Mist Eliminators

Andreas Hambach, Max Rhodius GmbH Weissenburg Bayern Germany

Knitted Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators

Wave Plate Separator

The Problem of Non-Condensable Gas Release in Evaporators

Heike Glade and Klaus Genthner, University of Bremen, Germany

The Source of Non-condensable Gases in Evaporators

The effects of Non-condensable Gases in Evaporators

Summary of Cases that required consideration of non-condensable gas release

Interstage Brine Flow in MSF Chambers

R. Rautenbach and S. Schäfer, Institute für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Open Flow in Horizontal Channels and Through Orifices

Design Data for Non-Condensable Gas Release Rates in Flash Chambers

Heike Glade and Klaus Genthner, University of Bremen, Germany

Design Assumption regarding the release of Oxygen, Notrogen and Argon

Design Assumptions regarding the total Carbon Dioxide release

Design Assumption regarding the Distribution of the Carbon Dioxide release between the Individual Stages

Measurements of Carbon Dioxide release in the individual Stages of MSF Disteller

Comparison of the Approaches to Carbon Dioxide release computation with the measurements results

Dimensioning of Design Venting Rates

Heat and Mass Balances in the Evaporator Components Group:Stage Heat and Mass Transfer Balance

M.A. Darwish and Faisal Al-Juwayhel, Kuwait University, Kuwait

Factors affecting the brine flow to the stage

Stage Analysis

Heat transfer calculations

Post-Treatment of Distillate and Permeate: Introduction and Overview

Heinz Ludwig, Fichtner, Stuttgart, Germany

Purpose of Post-treatment

Composition of Desalinated Water

Standards and Guidelines for Composition of Potable Water

Processes for Potabilization of Distillate and Permeate

Chemical Hazards in Seawater Desalination by the Multistage-Flash Evaporation Technique

A.M. Shams El Din, MTL, Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA), Abu Dhabi (UAE)

Seawater Chlorination

Scaling and Anti-scale Agents

Acid Wash of Distillers

Air (Oxygen)

Anti-corrosion Agents

Impact of Seawater Desalination on the Environment

Oil Dispersants

Water Conditioning

A Case Study: Performanceand Acceptance Test of A Power & Desalination Plant

Atef M Al Baghdadi, Water and Electricity Authority Abu Dhabi, U.A.E

Guaranteed values

Guarantee conditions

Measuring equipment

Isolation of cycle

Frequency of readings and duration of the tests

Diagrams and list of measuring points

Evaluation of test results

Sustainable Development, Water Resources, and Desalination

Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Sustainable Development

Sustainability Needs and Natural Resources in the World

Contemporary Sustainability Threats and Associated Needs

Information and Knowledge Imperfections and Sustainability

Industrial Ecology, Water Resources, and Desalination

Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Agenda 21 and the Need for Systems Engineering and Industrial Ecology

Standards and Sustainable Water Resource and Desalination Efforts

Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development

Water, Desalination, and Sustainability

Integration of Systems Engineering and Industrial Ecology Constructs with Water Resources and Desalination Applications

Water and Wastewater Treatment

Eduard G. Novitsky, Institute of Chemical Machinery Industry “NIICHIMMASH,” Moscow, Russia

Ruslan Kh. Khamizov, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia

Water Quality Regulations and Standards

Sources and Types of Polluting Substances in Natural and Wastewater

Methods for Treatment of Natural Water

Wastewater Treatment

Processing of Wastewater Sludge

Energy

G. P. Rao, B. Makkawi, A. Woldai, R. J. Hornby and D. Al-Gobaisi, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Humanity's Need for Energy

Physical Concepts of Energy

Nonrenewable Energy Sources

The Earth's Resources of Renewable Energy

Basic Concepts of Energy

Thermal Energy Systems

Hydrogen Energy Systems

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator

Analysis, Approaches, And Models for The Release of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen & Argon In Evaporators

Heike Glade and Klaus Genthner, University of Bremen, Germany

Fundamentals of Desorption with and without Chemical reaction

Release of oxygen , Nitrogen and Argon

Release of Carbon Dioxide

Simulation Results with the Gas Release Model

Water and Wastewater Treatment

H. H. Ngo and S. Vigneswaran, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

M. Sundaravadivel, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Eduard G. Novitsky, Institute of Chemical Machinery Industry “NIICHIMMASH,” Moscow, Russia

Ruslan Kh. Khamizov, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia

Water Quality Regulations and Standards

Sources and Types of Polluting Substances in Natural and Waste Water

Methods for Treatment of Natural Water

Waste Water Treatment

Processing of Sludge of Wastewater Sludge

Advanced Treatment Technologies for Recycle/Reuse of Domestic Wastewater

H. H. Ngo and S. Vigneswaran, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

M. Sundaravadivel, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Biological Nutrient Removal Processes

Physicochemical Processes

The Potential for Industrial Wastewater Reuse

C. Visvanathan, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand

Takashi Asano, University of California at Davis, California, USA

Water Availability and Consumption

Industrial Wastewater Reuse: Present Status, Trends and Issues

Available Treatment Technologies

Policy and Institutional Aspects

Conventional Water Treatment Technologies

S. Vigneswaran and H.H. Ngo, Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

C. Visvanathan, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand

M. Sundaravadivel, Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Australia

Treatment Processes

Rapid Mixing

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Filtration

Disinfection

Social Aspects

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Priority of water supply and sanitation

Institutional development

Environmental consideration in development projects

Hygiene

Yasumoto Magara, Professor of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Mitsugu Saito, Technical Manager, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Tokyo, Japan

Waterborne Infectious Diseases

Global Statistics

Pathogenic Organisms

Rural and Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Water Treatment Technology

Social Aspects

Economic and Financing

Community Participation

Hygiene

Water Supply and Sanitation Technology

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Water supply technologies

Sanitation technologies

Stepwise improvement planning

Economics and Financing

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Development cost of water supply and sanitation

Economic analysis

Financial Management

System Options

Community Participation

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Mitsugu Saito, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Tokyo, Japan

Participation and Development

Possibilities and Limitations of Participatory Approach

Important Viewpoints for Water Supply and Sanitation

Methodologies for Participatory Development

Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies

G. Eduljee, Wallbrook Court, North Hinksey Lane, Oxford, UK

Biological Treatment

Physical and Physicochemical Processes

Thermal Treatment

Technological Advances

Concentration of Liquid Foods

Hernandez, Ernesto, OmegaPure Technology and Innovation Center, Texas, USA

Physical Properties of Liquid Foods

Concentration by Evaporation

Concentration with Membranes

Combined Technologies in the Concentration of Liquid Foods

Freeze Concentration

Separation

Vega-Mercado, Humberto, Bio Sterile Validation, Merck & Co., Inc., Pennsylvania,USA

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Solid Liquid Separation

Mechanical Separation

Membrane Processing

Column Chromatography

Distillation

Supercritical Extraction

Jonin T.M., Nestle, Switzerland

Adjadj L.P., Laboratorium für Technische Chemie/LTC, Switzerland

Rizvi S.S., Food Science Department, Cornell University, USA

Concepts of Supercritical Fluids

Solubility Measurement Techniques

Solubility Measurements

Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Other Applications of Supercritical Fluids

Crystallization

Hartel, R.W., Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, USA

Crystallization Principles

Controlling Crystallization in Foods

Factors Affecting Control of Crystallization

Distillation or Rectification

J. G. Stichlmair, Technische Universität München, Germany

Fundamentals

Equipment

Separation Processes

Membrane Separation Technologies

Takeshi Matsuura, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. Canada

History

Definition and classification

Performance parameters

Membrane separation processes where the driving force is pressure

Membrane separation processes where the driving force is partial pressure

Membrane separation processes where the driving force is difference in electrical potential

Other membrane processes

Guidelines for Potable Water Purification

Willie M. Malan, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

Water Quality

Overview of Unit Processes in Water Purification

Process Selection

Handling Purified Water

Mass Transfer Operation – Membrane Separations

Enrico Drioli, Efrem Curcio and Enrica Fontananova, University of Calabria, Rende(CS), Italy

An overview on the most industrialized membrane separation processes and emerging applications

Sustainable growth and integrated membrane operations

Mass Transfer Operations: Hybrid Membrane Processes

E. Drioli, E. Curcio, E. Fontananova, University of Calabria ITALY

Hybrid Membrane Desalination Systems

Integrated membrane systems in agrofood industry

Hybrid membrane operations for wastewater treatment

Integrated membrane operations in Gas Separation

Integration of molecular separation and chemical/energy conversion

The Plight of Potable and Usable Water – Pollution, Health Hazards, Environmental Threats and Abatement Methods

Rajeswari Padmasola, née Ganti, Banglore, India

Some Physical Properties of Water

Some Chemical Properties of Water

Sources of Water

Degradation of Water Quality

Water Quality Criteria for Domestic Use

Toxicity of Pollutants

Pathogenic Pollution

Water Treatment

Water - A Common Substance with Uncommon Properties

B. Makkawi, G. P. Rao, A. Woldai and D. Al-Gobaisi, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

What is Water?

Origin of Water and the Oceans on the Earth

Properties of Water

Molecular Structure of Water

Hydrogen Bond

Global Information and Data on Water Resources

Bushara M. Ahmed, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi,UAE

North America (USA and Canada)

West Asia

Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Europe and CIS countries

Latin America and the Caribbean

Economics of Water and Energy Technology

SI Units and Some Conversion Factors

A. Woldai, B. Makkawi, and D. Al-Gobaisi, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Names and symbols for basic SI units

Special names and symbols for derived SI units

Prefixes for SI units

Conversion Factors

Standard Seawater

Physical properties of water