COMMON FUNDAMENTALS AND UNIT OPERATIONS IN DESALINATION SYSTEMS - Table of Contents

RAW WATER PRE-TREATMENT: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

PRE-CLEANING MEASURES: FILTRATION

Basic Principles of Filtration

Particle Transport and Agglomeration Mechanism

Filter Systems and Selection

Filter Dimensioning Principles

Filter Media and Selection

Filter Backwash Principles

Operation of Filter Equipment

FLOCCULATION AND FLOCCULATION FILTRATION

Flocculation

Flocculation Filtration

MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION

RO Feed Pretreatment by the Membrane Filtration Process

SURVEY OF LONG TIME BEHAVIOR AND COSTS OF INDUSTRIAL FLUIDIZED BED HEAT EXCHANGERS

Design

Heat Transfer of a Fluidized Bed

Preventation of Fouling

Operating Experiences with Commercial Units

Costs

ENTRAINMENT IN EVAPORATORS

Fundamentals

Configuration and Parameters

THE PROBLEM OF NON-CONDENSABLE GAS RELEASE IN EVAPORATORS

The Source of Non-Condensable Gases in Evaporators

The Effects of Non-Condensable Gases in Evaporators

Summary of Cases that Require Consideration of Non-condensable Gas Release

ANALYSIS, APPROACHES, AND MODELS FOR THE RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN, OXYGEN AND ARGON IN EVAPORATORS

Fundamentals of Desorption with and without Chemical Reaction

Release of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Argon

Release of Carbon Dioxide

Simulation Results with the Gas Release Model

DESIGN DATA FOR NON-CONDENSABLE GAS RELEASE RATES IN FLASH CHAMBERS

Design Assumption Regarding the Release of O2,N2 and Ar

Design Assumptions Regarding the Total CO2 Release

Design Assumption Regarding the Distribution of the CO2 Release Between the Individual Stages

Measurements of CO2 Release in the Individual Stages of MSF Disteller

Comparison of the Approaches to CO2 Release Computation with the Measurements Results

Dimensioning of Design Venting Rates

MIST ELIMINATORS

Knitted Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators

Wave Plate Separator

INTERSTAGE BRINE FLOW IN MSF CHAMBERS

Open Flow in Horizontal Channels and Through Orifices

HEAT AND MASS BALANCES IN THE EVAPORATOR COMPONENTS GROUP:STAGE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER BALANCE

Factors Affecting the Brine Flow to the Stage

Stage Analysis

Heat Transfer Calculations

A CASE STUDY: PERFORMANCE AND ACCEPTANCE TEST OF A POWER AND DESALINATION PLANT

Guaranteed Values

Guarantee Conditions

Measuring Equipment

Evaluation of Test Results

Isolation of the Cycle

Frequency of Readings and Duration of the Test

Digrams and List of Measuring Points

POST-TREATMENT OF DISTILLATE AND PERMEATE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Purpose of Post-Treatment

Composition of Desalinated Water

Standards and Guidelines for Composition of Potable Water

Processes for Potabilization of Distillate and Permeate

COMPOSITION OF DESALINATED WATER

Distillate

Permeate

Product Water of the Hybrid RO/MSF Process

Dialysate

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS

Pollutants from Desalination Plants

Thermal Impact

Air Pollution Problem

Pollutants Emitted from Power Plants

Methods of Air Pollution Control at the Power Plant

Pollution from the Jeddah Desalination Plant

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF INTAKES AND OUTFALLS

Types of Impacts

Impacts of Specific Coastal Ecosystems

CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN SEAWATER DESALINATION BY THE MULTISTAGE-FLASH EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE

Seawater Chlorination

Scaling and Anti-Scale Agents

Acid Wash of Distillers

Air Oxygen

Anti-Corrosion Agents

Impact of Seawater Desalination on the Environment

Oil Dispersants

Water Conditioning

THE PLIGHT OF POTABLE AND USABLE WATER - POLLUTION, HEALTH HAZARDS, ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND ABATEMENT METHODS

Some Physical Properties of Water

Some Chemical Properties of Water

Sources of Water

Degradation of Water Quality

Water Quality Criteria for Domestic Use

Toxicity of Pollutants

Pathogenic Pollution

Water Treatment

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES, AND DESALINATION

Sustainable Development

Sustainability Needs and Natural Resources in the World

Contemporary Sustainability Threats and Associated Needs

Information and Knowledge Imperfections and Sustainability

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, WATER RESOURCES, AND DESALINATION

Agenda 21 and the Need for Systems Engineering and Industrial Ecology

Standards and Sustainable Water Resource and Desalination Efforts

Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development

Water, Desalination, and Sustainability

Integration of Systems Engineering and Industrial Ecology Constructs with Water Resources and Desalination Applications

WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Water Quality Regulations and Standards

Sources and Types of Polluting Substances in Natural and Waste Water

Methods for Treatment of Natural Water

Waste Water Treatment

Processing of Sludge of Wastewater Sludge

ENERGY

Humanity's Need for Energy

Physical Concepts of Energy

Non-Renewable Energy Sources

The Earth's Resources of Renewable Energy

Basic Concepts of Energy

Thermal Energy Systems

Hydrogen Energy Systems

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator

WATER - A COMMON SUBSTANCE WITH UNCOMMON PROPERTIES

What is Water?

Origin of Water and the Oceans on the Earth

Properties of Water

Molecular Structure of Water

Hydrogen Bond

SI UNITS AND SOME CONVERSION FACTORS

Names and Symbols for Basic SI Units

Special Names and Symbols for Derived SI Units

Prefixes for SI Units

Conversion Factors

Standard Seawater

Physical Properties of Seawater

GLOBAL INFORMATION AND DATA ON WATER RESOURCES

North America (USA and Canada)

West Asia

Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Europe and CIS Countries

Latin America and the Caribbean

RURAL AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Water Treatment Technology

Social Aspects

Economic and Financing

Community Participation

Hygiene

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION TECHNOLOGY

Water Supply Technologies

Sanitation Technologies

Stepwise Improvement Planning

SOCIAL ASPECTS

Priority of Water Supply and Sanitation

Institutional Development

Environmental Consideration in Development Projects

ECONOMICS AND FINANCING

Development Cost of Water Supply and Sanitation

Economic Analysis

Financial Management

System Options

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Role of Community Participation

Environmental Education and Women in Development

Degree of Community Participation

Cost Sharing

HYGIENE

Waterborne Infectious Diseases

Global Statistics

Pathogenic Organisms