COMMON FUNDAMENTALS AND UNIT OPERATIONS IN DESALINATION SYSTEMS - Table of Contents

RAW WATER PRE-TREATMENT: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Heinz Ludwig, Fichtner, Stuttgart, Germany

Pollution of Raw Water and its Measurement

Raw Water Extraction Installations

Measures to Prevent Biofouling

Precleaning - Flocculation/Filtration and Sedimentation

Extended Pre-cleaning - Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Nanofiltration

Prevention of Scaling

Further Pre-treatment Measures - Ion Exchange and Precipitation Methods

PRE-CLEANING MEASURES: FILTRATION

Dieter Saal, Darmstadt, Germany

Basic Principles of Filtration

Particle Transport and Agglomeration Mechanism

Filter Systems and Selection

Filter Dimensioning Principles

Filter Media and Selection

Filter Backwash Principles

Operation of Filter Equipment

FLOCCULATION AND FLOCCULATION FILTRATION

Dieter Saal, Darmstadt, Germany

Flocculation

Flocculation Filtration

MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION

Ata M. Hassan, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, RDC Al-Jubail, Saudi Arabia

Kevin Price, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, U.S.A.

RO Feed Pretreatment by the Membrane Filtration Process

SURVEY OF LONG TIME BEHAVIOR AND COSTS OF INDUSTRIAL FLUIDIZED BED HEAT EXCHANGERS

R. Rautenbach and T. Katz, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik der RWTH Aachen, Turmstraße 46, Aachen, Germany

Design

Heat Transfer of a Fluidized Bed

Preventation of Fouling

Operating Experiences with Commercial Units

Costs

ENTRAINMENT IN EVAPORATORS

C.D. Hornburg, Water Consultants International, Inc. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA

Fundamentals

Configuration and Parameters

THE PROBLEM OF NON-CONDENSABLE GAS RELEASE IN EVAPORATORS

Heike Glade and Klaus Genthner, University of Bremen, Germany

The Source of Non-Condensable Gases in Evaporators

The Effects of Non-Condensable Gases in Evaporators

Summary of Cases that Require Consideration of Non-condensable Gas Release

ANALYSIS, APPROACHES, AND MODELS FOR THE RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN, OXYGEN AND ARGON IN EVAPORATORS

Heike Glade and Klaus Genthner, University of Bremen, Germany

Fundamentals of Desorption with and without Chemical Reaction

Release of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Argon

Release of Carbon Dioxide

Simulation Results with the Gas Release Model

DESIGN DATA FOR NON-CONDENSABLE GAS RELEASE RATES IN FLASH CHAMBERS

Heike Glade and Klaus Genthner, University of Bremen, Germany

Design Assumption Regarding the Release of O2,N2 and Ar

Design Assumptions Regarding the Total CO2 Release

Design Assumption Regarding the Distribution of the CO2 Release Between the Individual Stages

Measurements of CO2 Release in the Individual Stages of MSF Disteller

Comparison of the Approaches to CO2 Release Computation with the Measurements Results

Dimensioning of Design Venting Rates

MIST ELIMINATORS

Andreas Hambach, Max Rhodius GmbH Weissenburg Bayern Germany

Knitted Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators

Wave Plate Separator

INTERSTAGE BRINE FLOW IN MSF CHAMBERS

R. Rautenbach and S. Schäfer, Institute für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Open Flow in Horizontal Channels and Through Orifices

HEAT AND MASS BALANCES IN THE EVAPORATOR COMPONENTS GROUP:STAGE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER BALANCE

M.A. Darwish and Faisal Al-Juwayhel, Kuwait University, Kuwait

Factors Affecting the Brine Flow to the Stage

Stage Analysis

Heat Transfer Calculations

A CASE STUDY: PERFORMANCE AND ACCEPTANCE TEST OF A POWER AND DESALINATION PLANT

Atef M Al Baghdadi, Water and Electricity Authority Abu Dhabi, U.A.E

Guaranteed Values

Guarantee Conditions

Measuring Equipment

Evaluation of Test Results

Isolation of the Cycle

Frequency of Readings and Duration of the Test

Digrams and List of Measuring Points

POST-TREATMENT OF DISTILLATE AND PERMEATE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Heinz Ludwig, Fichtner, Stuttgart, Germany

Purpose of Post-Treatment

Composition of Desalinated Water

Standards and Guidelines for Composition of Potable Water

Processes for Potabilization of Distillate and Permeate

COMPOSITION OF DESALINATED WATER

Heinz Ludwig, Fichtner, Stuttgart, Germany

Distillate

Permeate

Product Water of the Hybrid RO/MSF Process

Dialysate

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS

I.S. Al-Mutaz, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Pollutants from Desalination Plants

Thermal Impact

Air Pollution Problem

Pollutants Emitted from Power Plants

Methods of Air Pollution Control at the Power Plant

Pollution from the Jeddah Desalination Plant

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF INTAKES AND OUTFALLS

Marinus Vis, Water Resources and Environment Division, Delft Hydraulics, the Netherlands

Types of Impacts

Impacts of Specific Coastal Ecosystems

CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN SEAWATER DESALINATION BY THE MULTISTAGE-FLASH EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE

A.M. Shams El Din, MTL, Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA), Abu Dhabi (UAE)

Seawater Chlorination

Scaling and Anti-Scale Agents

Acid Wash of Distillers

Air Oxygen

Anti-Corrosion Agents

Impact of Seawater Desalination on the Environment

Oil Dispersants

Water Conditioning

THE PLIGHT OF POTABLE AND USABLE WATER - POLLUTION, HEALTH HAZARDS, ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND ABATEMENT METHODS

Rajeswari Padmasola, née Ganti, Banglore, India

Some Physical Properties of Water

Some Chemical Properties of Water

Sources of Water

Degradation of Water Quality

Water Quality Criteria for Domestic Use

Toxicity of Pollutants

Pathogenic Pollution

Water Treatment

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES, AND DESALINATION

Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Sustainable Development

Sustainability Needs and Natural Resources in the World

Contemporary Sustainability Threats and Associated Needs

Information and Knowledge Imperfections and Sustainability

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, WATER RESOURCES, AND DESALINATION

Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Agenda 21 and the Need for Systems Engineering and Industrial Ecology

Standards and Sustainable Water Resource and Desalination Efforts

Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development

Water, Desalination, and Sustainability

Integration of Systems Engineering and Industrial Ecology Constructs with Water Resources and Desalination Applications

WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Eduard G. Novitsky, Institute of Chemical Machinery Industry “NIICHIMMASH,” Moscow, Russia

Ruslan Kh. Khamizov, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia

Water Quality Regulations and Standards

Sources and Types of Polluting Substances in Natural and Waste Water

Methods for Treatment of Natural Water

Waste Water Treatment

Processing of Sludge of Wastewater Sludge

ENERGY

G. P. Rao, B. Makkawi, A. Woldai, R. J. Hornby and D. Al-Gobaisi, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Humanity's Need for Energy

Physical Concepts of Energy

Non-Renewable Energy Sources

The Earth's Resources of Renewable Energy

Basic Concepts of Energy

Thermal Energy Systems

Hydrogen Energy Systems

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator

WATER - A COMMON SUBSTANCE WITH UNCOMMON PROPERTIES

B. Makkawi, G. P. Rao, A. Woldai and D. Al-Gobaisi, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

What is Water?

Origin of Water and the Oceans on the Earth

Properties of Water

Molecular Structure of Water

Hydrogen Bond

SI UNITS AND SOME CONVERSION FACTORS

A. Woldai, B. Makkawi, and D. Al-Gobaisi, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Names and Symbols for Basic SI Units

Special Names and Symbols for Derived SI Units

Prefixes for SI Units

Conversion Factors

Standard Seawater

Physical Properties of Seawater

GLOBAL INFORMATION AND DATA ON WATER RESOURCES

Bushara M. Ahmed, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi,UAE

North America (USA and Canada)

West Asia

Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Europe and CIS Countries

Latin America and the Caribbean

RURAL AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Water Treatment Technology

Social Aspects

Economic and Financing

Community Participation

Hygiene

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION TECHNOLOGY

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Water Supply Technologies

Sanitation Technologies

Stepwise Improvement Planning

SOCIAL ASPECTS

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Priority of Water Supply and Sanitation

Institutional Development

Environmental Consideration in Development Projects

ECONOMICS AND FINANCING

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Development Cost of Water Supply and Sanitation

Economic Analysis

Financial Management

System Options

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Mitsugu Saito, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Tokyo, Japan

Role of Community Participation

Environmental Education and Women in Development

Degree of Community Participation

Cost Sharing

HYGIENE

Yasumoto Magara, Professor of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Mitsugu Saito, Technical Manager, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Tokyo, Japan

Waterborne Infectious Diseases

Global Statistics

Pathogenic Organisms