THERMAL DESALINATION PROCESSES - Table of Contents

MSF ENGINEERING

M.A. Darwish, Kuwait University, Kuwait

Process Description

Once-through MSF Systems

Recirculation(MSF) System

Performance Ratio

Heat Transfer Area of the Stages Condenser

Flow Sheet Development

Maintenance Design Features

Component Design and Material

Rational Basis for Energy Comparison

Cost Estimation

MSF Steam Supply to an MSF Desalting Plant from Cogeneration Turbine

Reference Dual-Purpose Power/Desalination Plant

INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

J.D. Birkett, West Neck Strategies, USA

Basic Principles

Developments Since 1950

FUNDAMENTALS OF MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION

M.A. Darwish, MIED, Kuwait University, Kuwait

Single-Effect Submerged Tube System

Multieffect Boiling of Submerged Tube Desalination System

Modern Multieffect Boiling Desalination with Regenerative Heating System

Mechanical Driven Compressor

Thermally Driven Compressor

VERTICAL TUBE EVAPORATORS

R.P. Hammond, Consulting Engineer, Laguna Hills, California, USA

H.H. Sephton, Sephton Water Technology, USA

Feed Heating and Feed Control

Upflow Versus Downflow

Fluted Tubes for Vertical Evaporators

Scale Control and Use of Surfactants

Steam Path Design of Vertical Tube Bundle

Plant Layout and Arrangement

Process Control and Instrumentation

Operating Experience with Vertical Tube Evaporators

Case Studies

HORIZONTAL TUBE MULTIPLE EFFECT - STACKED DESIGN

R. Rautenbach and J. Widua, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik der RWTH, Germany

Hydraulic Design

Heat Transfer

Case Studies

MECHANICAL VAPOR COMPRESSION DISTILLATION

B. Tleimat, Water Re-use Technology, Alamo, California, USA

Process Description

Process Analysis

Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Energy Consumption

System Heat Balance

Heat Transfer Surface Requirement

Effects of Evaporator Temperature on Heat Transfer Area

Effects of Evaporator Type on Energy

Multieffect Vapor Compression Distillation

Comparison of Single-Effect and Multieffect Vapor Compression Distillation Systems

Forced Circulation Vapor Compression

Compressors

Comparison of Lobe Type and Centrifugal Compressors

FREEZING DESALINATION PROCESS

Z. Lu and L. Xu, East China University of Science and Technology, China

Desalination Freezing Processes

Comments on Freezing Processes

Future Prospects

SMALL DESALINATION PLANTS(SDPS)

Himangshu K. Sadhukhan and Pradip K. Tewari, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

Single Effect and Multieffect Distillation (MED)

Solar Distillation and Solar Energy-Driven Plants

Freezing

Ion Exchange

Solvent Process

Membrane Distillation

DESIGN OF MULTIPLE EFFECT FORCED-CIRCULATION EVAPORATORS AND CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEMS

U. Hansen and W. Hinsen, Balcke-Dürr, Ratingen, Germany

A. Pavlik, Balcke-Dürr, Swenson, France

Features and Applications of Forced-Circulation Evaporators

Multiple-Effect Forced-Circulation Evaporator

Thermodynamic Design

Hydraulic Design

Brine Distribution

Concentration Process for Vinasses from Distilleries and Yeast Production

ROTARY EVAPORATORS

B. Tleimat, Water Re-use Technology, California, USA

Historical Background

Analysis

Specific Energy for Rotors

Performance of Rotating Evaporators

STEADY-STATE MODEL

Asghar Husain, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

STEADY-STATE SIMULATION

Asghar Husain, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Process Constraints

Performance Simulation

Discussion of Results

DYNAMIC MODEL

Asghar Husain and K.V. Reddy, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

COST ASPECTS - MSF

O.J. Morin, Black and Veatch, Florida, USA

Purpose

Reference Design

Site-Specific Factors

Cost Development Factors

Cost Calculation Methods

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION - COST CRITERIA

O.J. Morin, Black and Veatch, Florida, USA

Process Design and Cost Criteria

Energy Supply Alternatives

Process Optimization

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Asghar Husain, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Setpoint Variables

Technical Criteria for Optimization

SIMULATOR

Asghar Husain, International Center for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Training Simulator

Simulator for an MSF Plant

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHEMICAL DOSING FOR DESALINATION: HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE TRENDS

E.Bryan and R.E. Talbot, Albright and Wilson UK Ltd.

Scope

History

Overview of Dosing Systems

Acid Dosing Systems

Threshold Scale Control Additives

Sulphite Dosing Systems

ON-LINE OPTIMIZATION OF MSF DESALINATION PLANTS

A. Mhamdi, W. Geffers, F. Flehmig and W. Marquardt, Lehrstulhl für Prozeβtechnik RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Steady-State MSF Model

Steady-State Detection

Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection

Optimization of Operating Conditions

Implementation of Real-Time Optimization

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE MSF-PLANT DESIGN

R. Rautenbach and S. Schafer, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institut Fur Verfahrenstechnik, Germany

Keydata of Recommended Future MSF Plants

Startup, Instrumentation

CONTROL SCHEME OF MULTISTAGE FLASH PLANTS

T. Knohl, A. Gambier and H. Unbehauen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany

Principles of MSF Desalination

Defining the System for Control

An Overview of Control Strategies for MSF Plants

THE NEED FOR MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL IN MSF DESALINATION PLANTS

Joachim Blum and Wolfgang Marquardt, RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Controllability Analysis

Robust Control

DYNAMIC MODELING AND SIMULATION: MODEL VALIDATION AND SIMULATION STUDIES

F. Flehmig, R. Von Watzdorf and W. Marquardt, RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Model Description

Dynamic Plant Experiment

Model Validation

MODELING, DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HORIZONTAL TUBE FALLING FILM MULTIEFFECT DESALINATION PLANTS

J. Hackenberg, A. Helbig and W. Marquardt, Lehrstulhl für Prozesstechnik RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Dynamic Modeling of ME Distillers

Dynamics and Controllability Analysis

Decentralized Control

MPC

DYNAMIC MODELING AND SIMULATION: BRINE FLOW HYDRAULICS

F. Flehmig, R.V. Watzdorf, W. Marquardt and K.V. Reddy, RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Experimental Data

Mathematical Description

Illustrative Examples

DYNAMIC MODELLING AND SIMULATION: NON-EQUILIBRIUM EFFECTS AND HEAT TRANSFER

F. Flehmig, R.V. Watzdorf and W. Marquardt, Lehrstulhl für Prozeβtechnik RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Non-Equilibrium Effects

Heat Transfer

DYNAMIC MODELLING AND SIMULATION: MODELLING CONCEPTS AND MODEL OVERVIEW

F. Flehmig, R.V. Watzdorf and W. Marquardt, RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Germany

Modelling Concepts

MSF Plant Model Overview

THE ECONOMICS AND PERFORMANCE OF DESALINATION PLANTS

Ali M El-Nashar, Consultant, International Centre for Water and Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Description of the Seawater Desalination Processes

Performance Model Description and Thermo-economic Optimization Model using the Exergy Principle

Comparison of the Energy Consumption of Desalination Processes

Economics of Desalination Processes

Available Desalination Economic Computer Models

Operational and Economic Parameters used in the Sample Calculations

Sample Desalination Plant Costing Calculations

Process Cost Comparison

Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Process Costs

Desalination Project Financing Strategies