RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS AND DESALINATION - Table of Contents
WHY USE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DESALINATION
Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Department, Abu Dhabi, UAE
The Need of Desalination for Economic Development in the Remote Arid Areas
The Need of Energy for Desalination
The Availability of Renewable Energy
The Economic and Social Benefits of Using Renewable Energy for Desalination
A SHORT HISTORICAL REVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
E. Delyannis, NCSR, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, Greece
A. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority (WEA), Abu-Dhabi, UAE
The Renewable Energies in the Antiquity
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
V. Belessiotis and E. Delyannis, NCSR, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, Greece
AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS ESTIMATION
V.G. Belessiotis, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Greece
The Sun and the Radiation Emitted
The Extraterrestrial Radiation
The Co-Ordinate Systems: The Basic Solar Angles
Computation of Insolation at the Earth' Surface
LARGE ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEM: LOAD
V.G. Belessiotis, Laboratory for Solar and other Energy Systems, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Greece
INTEGRATION OF SOLAR POND WITH WATER DESALINATION
U. Fisher, J. Weinberg and B. Doron, Ormat Industries Ltd., Yavne, Israel
LARGE ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS: TYPICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
V.G. Belessiotis, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
Cost of a Solar Hot Water System
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION
G. Schumm, Zentrum fuer Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden Wuerttemberg Stuttgart, Germany
ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE
J. Garche and A. Jossen, Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg and Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Division, Ulm, Germany
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Hassan E. S. Fath, El-Banna for Desalination and Energy Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
Latent Heat (Phase Change) Storage
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF A SOLAR DESALINATION PLANT
Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Department, Abu Dhabi, UAE
CENTRAL RECEIVERS
M.M. Elsayed, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
Heliostates: Types and Design Shapes
Heliostat Field: Heliostat Layout
Heliostat Field: Cosine Effect
Heliostat Field: Preliminary Sizing of the Field
Heliostat Field: Usefulness Efficiency
Principal Images and Relation between Receiver and Image Planes
Models to Predict the Solar Flux Density Distribution on the Image Plane
DEVELOPMENT IN SIMPLE SOLAR STILLS
Hassan E.S. Fath, El-Banna for Desalination and Energy Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
Modified Simple (Passive) Stills
MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR STILLS
T.A. Lawand and J. Ayoub, Brace Research Institute, Canada
A SOLAR-ASSISTED SEA WATER MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION PLANT 15 YEARS OF OPERATING PERFORMANCE (1985-1999)
Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE
FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS
V.G. Belessiotis, Head, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
Characteristics of Flat-Plate Collectors
Dynamic Operational Characteristics of a Collector
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS
Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Current Designs of Evacuated Tube Collectors
Analysis of Flat Plate Evacuated Tube Collector
Analysis of Concentric-Tube Collector
Performance of Evacuated Tube Collectors
Case Study (Collector Field at the Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant)
PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTORS
Wolfgang Meinecke, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR, German Aerospace Center), Solar Energy Technology Division, Köln (Germany)
Brief History of Trough Development
ECONOMICS OF SMALL SOLAR-ASSISTED MULTIPLE-EFFECT SEAWATER DISTILLATION PLANTS
Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE
CONFIGURATION, THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF SIMPLE SOLAR STILLS
A. Kumar, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Solar Energy Center, New Delhi, India
Configuration of Simple Solar Stills
REVERSE OSMOSIS BY SOLAR ENERGY
W. Bucher, DLR, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Cologne, Germany
Basic Parameters and Energy Demand for Osmosis
Solar Power Conversion Systems
Reverse Osmosis System Configuration and Operation Aspects
DESALINATION USING TIDAL ENERGY
Abdalla S. Hanafi, Cairo University, Egypt
WIND ENERGY
B. Sorensen, Roskilde University, Denmark
Worldwide Distribution of Wind Energy Resources
Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy Utilization
Evaluation of Greenhouse Warming Mitigation Potential of Wind Power
TIDAL ENERGY
B. Sørensen, Roskilde University, Denmark
WAVE ENERGY
B. Sørensen, Roskilde University, Denmark
AVAILABILITY OF WIND ENERGY AND ITS ESTIMATION
Richard Morris, Richard Morris Associates, Glasgow, United Kingdom
THE USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN DESALINATION
B.W. Tleimat, Water Reuse Technology, Alamo, California, USA
A.D.K. Laird, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Heat Transfer from Geothermal Reservoirs
Water Production from Geothermal Sources
Idealized Liquid-Dominated Reservoirs
Water and Power Generation: Effects of Some System Parameters
Multiple-Effect and Multistage Distillation Processes
SOLAR RADIATION ENERGY (FUNDAMENTALS)
L. Wald, Centre for Energy and Processes, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France
Sun Geometry Perceived by an Observer - Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere
Concepts of Scattering and Absorption - Terrestrial Radiation
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere - Spectral Distribution of the Radiation
PHOTOVOLAICS
A. Luque and I. Tobías, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain
MEDIUM TEMPERATURE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS (PARABOLIC-TROUGHS COLLECTORS)
E. Zarza, Unit of Solar Concentrating Systems, Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain
Design of Solar Fields with Parabolic-trough Collectors
Different Ways to Couple a Parabolic-trough Solar Field with an Industrial Process
The Direct Steam Generation Technology
Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Parabolic-trough Collectors
Electricity Generation with Parabolic-trough Collectors
Parabolic-trough Collectors: Working Principle and Components
Optical, Thermal and Geometrical Losses in a Parabolic-trough Collector
Energy Flow and Thermal Energy Delivered by a Parabolic-trough Collector
HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Robert Pitz-Paal, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
SOLAR DISTILLATION
Gopal Nath Tiwari, Center of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Hriday Narayan Singh, Center of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Water Pollution and its Effects
Principles of Solar Distillation: A State-of-the-Art
Classification of Solar Distillation Systems
SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería. CIEMAT, Spain
Artificial Solar Photochemical Processes
Biological Photosynthetic Processes
Photochemical Synthetic Applications
Solar Photocatalytic Processes to Water Contaminants Treatment
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
Viorel Badescu, Candida Oancea Institute, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania
Properties of Radiation Fluxes
MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION OF SEAWATER WATER USING SOLAR ENERGY -THE CASE OF ABU DHABI SOLAR DESALINATION PLANT
Ali M. El-Nashar, International Center for Water & Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Description of Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant
Measurements and Data Acquisition System
Plant Operation and Maintenance Activities
Comparing the Design Parameters of the Solar Plant with the Experimental Results
Economic Considerations and Comparison with Conventional MED Plants
LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR COLLECTORS
Soteris A. Kalogirou, Higher Technical Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
Low Temperature Solar Collectors
Thermal Analysis of Collectors
PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY
S. Malato Rodríguez, J. Blanco Gálvez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, SPAIN
Evaluation of Solar Photo Flux inside Photoreactors
Simplified Methods for Comparing Experiments when working with Solar Radiation
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DESALINATION SYSTEMS
Asghar Husain, International Center for Water and Energy Systems (ICWES), Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
Review of Desalination Technologies
DESALINATION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY - A REVIEW
Ali M. El-Nashar, 22 Ahmed Gharbo St., Zizinia, Alexandria, Egypt
Performance of Selected RE Desalination Projects
Commercial Desalination Processes and Their Energy Consumption
Available Renewable Energy Sources
Devices for Transforming Renewable Energy into Useful Energy for Desalination
Coupling of Desalination Processes and Renewable Energy
Selection Criteria among Different RE Desalination Technologies
SOLAR IRRADIATION FUNDAMENTALS
Zekâi Şen, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Atmospheric Effects and Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Spectrum
SOLAR PONDS
Aliakbar Akbarzadeh and John Andrews, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Peter Golding, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, USA
The Design and Performance of Solar Ponds
SOLAR IRRADATION AND TI02 RENDER MATERIALS SELF-CLEANING
P. Pichat, Photocatalyse et Environnement, CNRS/Ecole Centrale de Lyon (STMS), France
Preparing, Coating and Incorporating TiO2. Thickness of the TiO2-containing Layer
Increasing the Photocatalytic Efficacy. Better Harvesting Sun Light
Hydrophilicity Induced by Solar Irradiation Contributes to the Self-cleaning Effect
Limitations to the Self-cleaning Effect
Measurements of the Self-cleaning Efficacy
Measurements of the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Self-cleaning Materials
Can Self-cleaning Materials Significantly Contribute to Outdoor Air Pollutants Removal?
Do TiO2-containing, Self-cleaning Materials Present a Potential Health Risk?
SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND PHOTOENERGY SYSTEM
Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería. CIEMAT, Spain
SOLAR PHOTOCATALYSIS AND WATER TREATMENT: DEXTOXIFICATION AND DISINFECTION
S. Malato Rodríguez and J. Blanco Gálvez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, Spain.
Fundamental Parameters in Solar Photocatalysis
Factors Affecting Solar Photocatalysis
SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY
J. Blanco Gálvez and S. Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, Spain
Solar Collectors for Photochemical Processes
SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS
J. Blanco Gálvez and S. Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, Spain
Solar Photocatalytic Treatment Plants
Water Phase Photocatalytic Applications
RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE IN 1990S
S. Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, SPAIN.
J. Blanco Gálvez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, SPAIN.
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Chlorophenols
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Pesticides
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of NBCS
PHOTOSYNTHETIC MICROORGANISMS AND VALUABLE PRODUCTS
F. G. Acién Fernández, J. M. Fernández Sevilla, and J. A. Sánchez Pérez, Universidad de Almería, Spain.
A PERSPECTIVE OF THERMAL TYPE DESALINATION: TECHNOLOGY, CURRENT DEVELOPMENT, AND THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS
Zohreh Rahimi-Ahar and Mohammad Sadegh Hatamipour, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
Assessment of Recent Developments in Thermal Desalination Systems
Water and Power Production by Co-generation
MED DESALINATION- MODELLING, DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
Anwar O. Binamer, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancements of Sciences (KFAS), Research Directorate, Kuwait
Comparison of the MED with MSF and SWRO Desalting Systems
MED with Innovative Adsorption Cycle (MEDAD)
MED with Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
Thermal Analysis of large ME-TVC System
COMPARISON OF OPTIMIZATION OF MULTICOLOR AND FOUR-COLOR PHOTOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM - A REVIEW
Viorel Badescu, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania and Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Omnicolar Photothermal and Photovoltaic Converters
Multicolor photothermal power plants
THERMODYNAMICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR ENERGY AND EXERGY EFFICIENCIES
Rahul Rawat, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003, India
Thermodynamics of Solar Photovoltaic Conversion
Upper Limit efficiencies of Photovoltaic energy conversion
Comparison of Theoretical and Practical Efficiencies of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
LARGE SCALE MSF AND MED THERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND DESIGN
Mohamed A. Sharaf Eldean, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Abdelnasser Mabrouk, Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
A. M. Soliman, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom Saudi Arabia.
Hassan E.S. Fath, E-JUST Egypt–Japan University of Science & Technology, Alexandria, Egypt.
Matlab/Simulink Modeling Environment
DESALINATION BY FORWARD OSMOSIS: FAILURE, SUCCESS, AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS
Ibrar Ibrar, Daoud Khanafer, Sudesh Yadav, Salam Bakly¸ Jamshed Ali Khan, and Ali Altaee, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, Australia
Introduction to Forward Osmosis
Drawbacks of Forward Osmosis Desalination
Successful Applications of Desalination
THE STATE OF DESALINATION AND BRINE PRODUCTION
Edward R. Jones, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Manzoor Qadir, United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, Canada.
Desalination: Past Trends and Future Drivers
Desalination: Considerations, Challenges and Opportunities
Global State of Brine Production
Brine production: Considerations, Challenges and Opportunities
THERMODYNAMIC MODELLING OF HYBRID ADSORPTION AND ABSORPTION DESALINATION SYSTEMS
V Baiju, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala, India
P Abhishek, A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala, India
An Overview of Conventional Desalination System
Features of Adsorption – Adsorption Principle, Adsorbent and Refrigerants
Hybrid Adsorption System Cogenerating Desalination and Cooling Effect
Developments in Adsorption Desalination System: Different Configurations
Absorption Desalination System- An Overview
Large Scale Absorption Desalination System
Installations of the Adsorption and Absorption Desalination Systems
DIRECT-CONTACT DEHUMIDIFICATION AS A SUSTAINABLE FRESH WATER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE: A REVIEW
Abubaker Sayed Omer, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University
Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University
Nasser A. Al-Azri, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES
Ryszard (Richard) Petela, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
EXERGY OF SOLAR RADIATION
Ryszard (Richard) Petela, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ENERGY AND EXERGY PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN EVACUATED MULTI-STAGE SOLAR WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM
H. Sharon, P. Venkata Sai, K.S. Reddy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Solar Thermal Desalination – Fundamentals and Concepts
Solar Thermal Desalination Processes for Potable Water Production
Multi-Stage Solar Desalination Systems
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Evacuated Multi-Stage Solar Desalination System
Parameters Influencing Performance of Evacuated Multi-stage/Effect Solar Desalination Units
Distribution of Desalination Systems and Demonstration of Some Solar Multi-Stage Units
THERMODYNAMICS, EXERGY, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF COGENERATION
P.L. Dhar, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, INDIA
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Maximum Work Potential of Open Systems and the Concept of Exergy
Cogeneration in Thermal Power Plants
Cogeneration in Solar Power Plants
PLANT AVAILABILITY OF SEAWATER DESALINATION ON MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Masaru Kurihara, Toray Industries, Inc., 3-2-1 Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
Hiromu Takeuchi, Toray Industries, Inc., 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
CRITICAL REVIEW OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS (CSP): SOLAR TOWER (ST) SYSTEMS VERSUS PARABOLIC TROUGH (PT) SYSTEMS
Huseyin Murat Cekirge, City University of New York, New York, USA & New York University, Brooklyn, USA
Serdar Eser Erturan, City University of New York, New York, USA
Richard Stanley Thorsen, New York University, Brooklyn, USA
SIMULATION OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Jayanta Kumar Nayak and Anish Modi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Maharashtra, India
OVERALL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SOLAR POWER PLANT - ENERGY, EXERGY AND EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Ahmet Z. Sahin and Kehinde G. Ismaila, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
WETTING PHENOMENA IN MEMBRANE DISTILLATION FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION
Mohammad Rezaei, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
Marek Gryta, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland.
Muhammad R. Bilad, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
Alba Ruiz-Aguirre, Plataforma Solar de AlmerÃa  CIEMAT, Ctra. de Senés s/n km. 4, 04200, Tabernas, Spain
Hamid Fattahi Juybari, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
Jianhua Zhang, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
Lebea N. Nthunya, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa
Patrick Loulergue, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) Â UMR 6226, France<
Mark W. Hlawitschka, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
Principles and Configurations of MD
Challenges in Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination
Wetting Phenomena in Membrane Distillation
Effects of Operational Parameters on Wetting
Wetting Prevention and Control
SALT AND WATER TRANSPORT IN REVERSE OSMOSIS AND BIOFOULING
Haleema Saleem, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Syed Javaid Zaidi, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Water and Salt Transport Mechanisms
SEAWATER DESALINATION MEMBRANES AND EXPERIENCE OF SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGY IN QATAR
Haleema Saleem and Syed Javaid Zaidi, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Membrane-Based Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination Technology
REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE LIMITS TO THE GLOBAL SOLAR ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Iñigo Capellán-Pérez, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce s/n, Spain.
Carlos de Castro, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
Categories of renewable energy potentials
Types of solar electric technologies
Overview of published global solar electric potentials in the literature
Review of sustainable limits for global solar electric estimates
Measures to mitigate sustainability impacts of solar electricity
EVOLUTION OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION IN SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION PLANTS USING ENERGY RECOVERY DEVICES
Baltasar Peñate Suárez and Juan A. de la Fuente, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias - Water Department. Playa de Pozo Izquierdo s/n, Las Palmas, Spain
Federico León Zerpa, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Campus de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas, Spain
Evolution of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Energy Consumption
Energy Recovery in Reverse Osmosis Desalination - State Of The Art
Overview and Comparison of Energy Recovery Devices
HELIOSTAT DEVELOPMENT
Andreas Pfahl, Institute of Solar Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
EXERGO-ECONOMICS OF DESALINATION SYSTEMS
Muhammad Ahmad Jamila and Muhammad Wakil Shahzada, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
Syed Muhammad Zubairb, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
DESALINATION IN THE ARABIAN GULF, RISKS AND THREATS
Evan K. Paleologos, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
The Water Situation in the Gulf Region
Desalination production in the Arabian Gulf States
Function of the Arabian Gulf water system
THERMAL DESIGN AND MECHANICAL STRESSES OF MOLTEN SALT SOLAR POWER TOWERS
M. R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, M. Laporte-Azcué and P. A. González-Gómez, University Carlos III of Madrid, Av. Universidad 30, 28911, Leganés.
ASSESSMENT OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES: CORRECTION TO THE TUNNEL VISION BASIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY TO A HOLISTIC VIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY
Adil Al Radif, 124 Plum Tree Circle, Markham, Ontario, L6C 1W1, Canada
Darwish Al Qubaisi, Ganti Prasada Rao and A. Woldai, International Center for Water and Energy Systems (ICWES) Abu Dhabi, UAE
Considerations for Efficiency and Sustainability of Desalination Systems
Factors other than Energy in Desalination Systems
Other Factors: Supply of Membranes, Pretreatment Chemicals
The Industrial Ecology Paradigm
Sustainability of Desalination Systems