RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS AND DESALINATION - Table of Contents

WHY USE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DESALINATION

Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Department, Abu Dhabi, UAE

The Need of Desalination for Economic Development in the Remote Arid Areas

The Need of Energy for Desalination

The Availability of Renewable Energy

The Economic and Social Benefits of Using Renewable Energy for Desalination

Examples of Arid Remote Regions where Renewable Energy for Desalination can have a High Economic Potential

A SHORT HISTORICAL REVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

E. Delyannis, NCSR, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, Greece

A. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority (WEA), Abu-Dhabi, UAE

The Renewable Energies in the Antiquity

The Power of the Sun

The Development of the Solar Distillation

Solar Driven Desalination

The Energy of the Mother Gaia

The Power of Aeolos

The Power of the Moving Water

The Impulsive Power of Poseidon

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

V. Belessiotis and E. Delyannis, NCSR, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, Greece

The Sun as an Energy Source

The Geothermal Energy

The Hydraulic Energy

Wind Energy Resources

Biomass as an Energy Source

Thermal Energy from Biomass

The Ocean Systems Energy Resources

AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS ESTIMATION

V.G. Belessiotis, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Greece

The Sun and the Radiation Emitted

The Extraterrestrial Radiation

The Co-Ordinate Systems: The Basic Solar Angles

Computation of Insolation at the Earth' Surface

Application of Solar Radiation

Impact of Solar Energy to the Environment

LARGE ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEM: LOAD

V.G. Belessiotis, Laboratory for Solar and other Energy Systems, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Greece

Estimation of Thermal load

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR POND WITH WATER DESALINATION

U. Fisher, J. Weinberg and B. Doron, Ormat Industries Ltd., Yavne, Israel

Historical Background

The Solar Pond

Desalination Processes Coupled to the Solar Pond

LARGE ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS: TYPICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

V.G. Belessiotis, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece

Cost of a Solar Hot Water System

Cost of Conventional Hot Water System

Inflation

Rate of Interest

Methods of Life Cycle Cost

Methodology

Present Value Factor

Comparison Methodology

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION

G. Schumm, Zentrum fuer Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden Wuerttemberg Stuttgart, Germany

The General Photovoltaic System

Non-Concentrating PV Systems

Tracking and Concentrating PV system

ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE

J. Garche and A. Jossen, Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg and Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Division, Ulm, Germany

Systems with Internal Storage

Systems with External Storage

Storage Sizing

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

Hassan E. S. Fath, El-Banna for Desalination and Energy Technology, Alexandria, Egypt

Sensible Heat Storage

Latent Heat (Phase Change) Storage

Combined Sensible and Latent Heat Storage

Some Recent Developments

MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF A SOLAR DESALINATION PLANT

Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Department, Abu Dhabi, UAE

System Description

System Operating Conditions

Mathematical Modeling of System Components

The Simulation Program

CENTRAL RECEIVERS

M.M. Elsayed, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait

Heliostates: Types and Design Shapes

Heliostat Angles

Heliostat Field: Heliostat Layout

Heliostat Field: Cosine Effect

Heliostat Field: Preliminary Sizing of the Field

Heliostat Field: Usefulness Efficiency

Reflected Solar Radiation

The Effective Sunshape

Principal Images and Relation between Receiver and Image Planes

Models to Predict the Solar Flux Density Distribution on the Image Plane

Solar Flux Density Distribution on the Receiver Surface Using the Separation of Variables/ Superposition Technique

Receivers: Types and Losses

Preliminary Sizing of the Receiver

Overall System Optimization

DEVELOPMENT IN SIMPLE SOLAR STILLS

Hassan E.S. Fath, El-Banna for Desalination and Energy Technology, Alexandria, Egypt

Modified Simple (Passive) Stills

Externally Heated (Active) Solar Stills

Other Types of Solar Distillation Systems

MULTI-EFFECT SOLAR STILLS

H.E.S. Fath, Al-Jubail 31951, Saudi Arabia

Why Multi-Effect?

Double Effect Basin Stills

Multi-Effect Multi-Wick Stills

Multi-Effect Diffusion Stills

Other Distillation Systems

MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR STILLS

T.A. Lawand and J. Ayoub, Brace Research Institute, Canada

General Specifications of Solar Stills

Transparent Cover

Evaporator Liner

Solar Still Frame

Sealants

Insulation

Auxiliaries - Piping, Pumping and Reservoirs

A SOLAR-ASSISTED SEA WATER MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION PLANT 15 YEARS OF OPERATING PERFORMANCE (1985-1999)

Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Basic Design Concept

Performance During Commissioning Tests

Performance History

Major Maintenance Activities

Evaluation of Water Cost

FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS

V.G. Belessiotis, Head, Laboratory for Solar and Other Energy Systems, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece

Solar Collector Applications

Definitions

Main Collector Components

Characteristics of Flat-Plate Collectors

Dynamic Operational Characteristics of a Collector

The Thermal Characteristics of a Collector

Shading of the Collectors

Basic Calculation Methods

The Heat Transfer Loss Coefficients

EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS

Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Current Designs of Evacuated Tube Collectors

Thermal Analysis

Analysis of Flat Plate Evacuated Tube Collector

Analysis of Concentric-Tube Collector

Performance of Evacuated Tube Collectors

Case Study (Collector Field at the Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant)

PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTORS

Wolfgang Meinecke, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR, German Aerospace Center), Solar Energy Technology Division, Köln (Germany)

Brief History of Trough Development

State of the Art of Trough Applications

Trough Technologies

Prospects and Potential

Cost and Economic Aspects

ECONOMICS OF SMALL SOLAR-ASSISTED MULTIPLE-EFFECT SEAWATER DISTILLATION PLANTS

Ali M. El-Nashar, Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE

System Configuration

Design and Sizing Consideration

Economic Ground Rules and Water Cost Optimization

CONFIGURATION, THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF SIMPLE SOLAR STILLS

A. Kumar, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Solar Energy Center, New Delhi, India

Configuration of Simple Solar Stills

Theoretical Analysis of Simple Solar Stills

Performance of Solar Stills

REVERSE OSMOSIS BY SOLAR ENERGY

W. Bucher, DLR, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Cologne, Germany

Basic Parameters and Energy Demand for Osmosis

Solar Power Conversion Systems

Reverse Osmosis System Configuration and Operation Aspects

Solar Powered Desalination Units

Costs

DESALINATION USING TIDAL ENERGY

Abdalla S. Hanafi, Cairo University, Egypt

Tides

Tidal Power Plants

Tidal Desalination Technologies

Economic Comparisons with Wind and Solar Energy

WIND ENERGY

B. Sorensen, Roskilde University, Denmark

Worldwide Distribution of Wind Energy Resources

Wind Turbine Technology

Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy Utilization

Evaluation of Greenhouse Warming Mitigation Potential of Wind Power

TIDAL ENERGY

B. Sørensen, Roskilde University, Denmark

Resources

Technology

Economic Aspects

Environmental Consideration

Prospects

WAVE ENERGY

B. Sørensen, Roskilde University, Denmark

Resources

Technology

Economic Aspects

Environmental Consideration

Prospect

AVAILABILITY OF WIND ENERGY AND ITS ESTIMATION

Richard Morris, Richard Morris Associates, Glasgow, United Kingdom

The Sun as the Wind Driver

The Nature of Wind

Wind Power Statistics

Estimating Wind Power

Siting for Wind Energy

THE USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN DESALINATION

B.W. Tleimat, Water Reuse Technology, Alamo, California, USA

A.D.K. Laird, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

Historical Perspective

Heat Transfer from Geothermal Reservoirs

Geothermal Energy Utilization

Electricity Generation

Water Production from Geothermal Sources

Idealized Liquid-Dominated Reservoirs

Water and Power Generation: Effects of Some System Parameters

Multiple-Effect and Multistage Distillation Processes

Energy-Budget Management

Processes for Decentralized Desalination

Water-Budget Management

Solids-Budget Management

SOLAR RADIATION ENERGY (FUNDAMENTALS)

L. Wald, Centre for Energy and Processes, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France

Energy Emitted by the Sun

Sun-Earth Geometry - Time

Sun Geometry Perceived by an Observer - Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere

Concepts of Scattering and Absorption - Terrestrial Radiation

Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere - Spectral Distribution of the Radiation

Radiative Components at Ground Level

PHOTOVOLAICS

A. Luque and I. Tobías, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain

What We See Today

History

Photovoltaic Generation

The Solar Resource

Photovoltaic Applications

Technology

The Future of PV

MEDIUM TEMPERATURE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS (PARABOLIC-TROUGHS COLLECTORS)

E. Zarza, Unit of Solar Concentrating Systems, Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain

Design of Solar Fields with Parabolic-trough Collectors

Different Ways to Couple a Parabolic-trough Solar Field with an Industrial Process

The Direct Steam Generation Technology

Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Parabolic-trough Collectors

Electricity Generation with Parabolic-trough Collectors

Parabolic-trough Collectors: Working Principle and Components

Optical, Thermal and Geometrical Losses in a Parabolic-trough Collector

Energy Flow and Thermal Energy Delivered by a Parabolic-trough Collector

HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

Robert Pitz-Paal, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany

Theoretical Background

Technical Concepts

SOLAR DISTILLATION

Gopal Nath Tiwari, Center of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, India

Hriday Narayan Singh, Center of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, India

Importance of Water

Water Pollution and its Effects

Principles of Solar Distillation: A State-of-the-Art

Classification of Solar Distillation Systems

Heat and Mass Transfer in Solar Distillation

Performance of Solar Still

Conclusions and Recommendations

SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY

Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería. CIEMAT, Spain

Solar Chemistry

Artificial Solar Photochemical Processes

Biological Photosynthetic Processes

Photochemical Synthetic Applications

Solar Photocatalytic Processes to Water Contaminants Treatment

Gas Phase Photocatalytic Treatment Processes

Pilot Scale Solar Photochemical Facilities

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

Viorel Badescu, Candida Oancea Institute, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania

Properties of Radiation Fluxes

Concentration of Solar Radiation

Photothermal Conversion

Photovoltaic Conversion

Photochemical Conversion

Properties of Radiation Fluxes

MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION OF SEAWATER WATER USING SOLAR ENERGY -THE CASE OF ABU DHABI SOLAR DESALINATION PLANT

Ali M. El-Nashar, International Center for Water & Energy Systems, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Description of Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant

Measurements and Data Acquisition System

Control of Plant Operation

Plant Operation and Maintenance Activities

Plant Modifications

Data Analysis

Operating Characteristics

Comparing the Design Parameters of the Solar Plant with the Experimental Results

Economic Considerations and Comparison with Conventional MED Plants

Results of the Economic Study

LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR COLLECTORS

Soteris A. Kalogirou, Higher Technical Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus

Low Temperature Solar Collectors

Thermal Analysis of Collectors

Performance of Solar Collectors

Solar Collector Applications

PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY

S. Malato Rodríguez, J. Blanco Gálvez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, SPAIN

Photochemistry Principles

The Solar Spectrum

Evaluation of Solar Photo Flux inside Photoreactors

Simplified Methods for Comparing Experiments when working with Solar Radiation

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DESALINATION SYSTEMS

Asghar Husain, International Center for Water and Energy Systems (ICWES), Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

What Is Sustainability?

Review of Desalination Technologies

Desalination Using Solar Energy

Desalination Using Other Renewable Energies

DESALINATION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY - A REVIEW

Ali M. El-Nashar, 22 Ahmed Gharbo St., Zizinia, Alexandria, Egypt

Performance of Selected RE Desalination Projects

Economics of RE Desalination

Commercial Desalination Processes and Their Energy Consumption

Available Renewable Energy Sources

Devices for Transforming Renewable Energy into Useful Energy for Desalination

Coupling of Desalination Processes and Renewable Energy

Current Status

Selection Criteria among Different RE Desalination Technologies

SOLAR IRRADIATION FUNDAMENTALS

Zekâi Şen, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Solar Parameters

Solar Radiation Modeling

Astronomic Calculations

Solar-Hydrogen Energy

Conclusions

Introduction

The Sun

Atmospheric Effects and Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Spectrum

Astronomic Effects

Meteorological Effects

Topographic Effects

SOLAR PONDS

Aliakbar Akbarzadeh and John Andrews, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

Peter Golding, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, USA

What is a Solar Pond?

The Design and Performance of Solar Ponds

Experimental and Demonstration Solar Ponds

Applications of Solar Ponds

State of the Art and Future Directions

SOLAR IRRADATION AND TI02 RENDER MATERIALS SELF-CLEANING

P. Pichat, Photocatalyse et Environnement, CNRS/Ecole Centrale de Lyon (STMS), France

Introduction

Preparing, Coating and Incorporating TiO2. Thickness of the TiO2-containing Layer

Increasing the Photocatalytic Efficacy. Better Harvesting Sun Light

Hydrophilicity Induced by Solar Irradiation Contributes to the Self-cleaning Effect

Limitations to the Self-cleaning Effect

Measurements of the Self-cleaning Efficacy

Measurements of the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Self-cleaning Materials

Can Self-cleaning Materials Significantly Contribute to Outdoor Air Pollutants Removal?

Do TiO2-containing, Self-cleaning Materials Present a Potential Health Risk?

Commercialization of Self-cleaning Materials and Coatings

SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND PHOTOENERGY SYSTEM

Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería. CIEMAT, Spain

Introduction

Problems for Sustainability in the 21st Century

Basic Solar Energy Data

Solar Technologies

Solar Energy Applications

Conclusions

SOLAR PHOTOCATALYSIS AND WATER TREATMENT: DEXTOXIFICATION AND DISINFECTION

S. Malato Rodríguez and J. Blanco Gálvez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, Spain.

Fundamental Parameters in Solar Photocatalysis

Factors Affecting Solar Photocatalysis

Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Contaminants

Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection of Water

SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY

J. Blanco Gálvez and S. Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, Spain

Introduction

Solar Collectors for Photochemical Processes

Peculiarities of Solar Tracking and Non-Tracking Systems

Technological Issues

Gas-Phase Photochemical Technology

SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS

J. Blanco Gálvez and S. Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, Spain

Introduction

Solar Photocatalytic Treatment Plants

Cost Estimations

Water Phase Photocatalytic Applications

Water Disinfection

Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Applications

Contaminated Landfill Cleaning

RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE IN 1990S

S. Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, SPAIN.

J. Blanco Gálvez, Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, SPAIN.

Introduction

Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Chlorophenols

Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Pesticides

Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of NBCS

Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Cyanide

Solar Photo-Fenton

Photoelectrochemical Reactors Development

PHOTOSYNTHETIC MICROORGANISMS AND VALUABLE PRODUCTS

F. G. Acién Fernández, J. M. Fernández Sevilla, and J. A. Sánchez Pérez, Universidad de Almería, Spain.

Introduction

Factors Affecting Photosynthetic Microorganisms

Photobioreactors

Biomass and Product Recovery

Industrial Applications

A PERSPECTIVE OF THERMAL TYPE DESALINATION: TECHNOLOGY, CURRENT DEVELOPMENT, AND THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS

Zohreh Rahimi-Ahar and Mohammad Sadegh Hatamipour, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, I.R. Iran

Introduction

Assessment of Recent Developments in Thermal Desalination Systems

Water and Power Production by Co-generation

Thermodynamics Analyses of Thermal Desalination Systems

Conclusion and Future Outlook

MED DESALINATION- MODELLING, DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION

Anwar O. Binamer, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancements of Sciences (KFAS), Research Directorate, Kuwait

Introduction

The MED Classifications

Comparison of the MED with MSF and SWRO Desalting Systems

MED with Innovative Adsorption Cycle (MEDAD)

MED with Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)

Development of MED-TVC System

Thermal Analysis of large ME-TVC System

Key Performance Parameters and Characteristics of ME-TVC

Optimization of ME-TVC Desalination System

COMPARISON OF OPTIMIZATION OF MULTICOLOR AND FOUR-COLOR PHOTOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM - A REVIEW

Viorel Badescu, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania and Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania

Introduction

Omnicolar Photothermal and Photovoltaic Converters

Multicolor photothermal power plants

Four-color photothermal converters

Conclusion

THERMODYNAMICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR ENERGY AND EXERGY EFFICIENCIES

Rahul Rawat, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003, India

Introduction

Thermodynamics of Solar Photovoltaic Conversion

Upper Limit efficiencies of Photovoltaic energy conversion

Comparison of Theoretical and Practical Efficiencies of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

Conclusions and Perspectives

LARGE SCALE MSF AND MED THERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND DESIGN

Mohamed A. Sharaf Eldean, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.

Abdelnasser Mabrouk, Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

A. M. Soliman, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom Saudi Arabia.

Hassan E.S. Fath, E-JUST Egypt–Japan University of Science & Technology, Alexandria, Egypt.

Introduction

Mathematical Modeling

Matlab/Simulink Modeling Environment

Design Results for Large Scale Desalination Plants

Conclusions and Perspectives

DESALINATION BY FORWARD OSMOSIS: FAILURE, SUCCESS, AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS

Ibrar Ibrar, Daoud Khanafer, Sudesh Yadav, Salam Bakly¸ Jamshed Ali Khan, and Ali Altaee, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, Australia

Introduction

Introduction to Forward Osmosis

Drawbacks of Forward Osmosis Desalination

Successful Applications of Desalination

Future Applications of Desalination

Future Directions

THE STATE OF DESALINATION AND BRINE PRODUCTION

Edward R. Jones, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Manzoor Qadir, United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, Canada.

Introduction

Desalination: Past Trends and Future Drivers

Global State of Desalination

Desalination: Considerations, Challenges and Opportunities

Global State of Brine Production

Brine production: Considerations, Challenges and Opportunities

Conclusion and Future Outlook

THERMODYNAMIC MODELLING OF HYBRID ADSORPTION AND ABSORPTION DESALINATION SYSTEMS

V Baiju, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala, India

P Abhishek, A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala, India

Back Ground

An Overview of Conventional Desalination System

Features of Adsorption – Adsorption Principle, Adsorbent and Refrigerants

Hybrid Adsorption System Cogenerating Desalination and Cooling Effect

Developments in Adsorption Desalination System: Different Configurations

Absorption Desalination System- An Overview

Large Scale Absorption Desalination System

Installations of the Adsorption and Absorption Desalination Systems

DIRECT-CONTACT DEHUMIDIFICATION AS A SUSTAINABLE FRESH WATER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE: A REVIEW

Abubaker Sayed Omer, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University

Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University

Nasser A. Al-Azri, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University

Introduction

Applications of DCDs in HDH systems

Sustainable DCD systems

Effectiveness of DCDs

Concluding remarks

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES

Ryszard (Richard) Petela, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Importance of Thermodynamic Analysis

Considered System

Mass Conservation Equations

Energy Analysis

Entropy Growth

Exergy Analysis

Efficiencies

Conclusion with illustrative exemplary observations

EXERGY OF SOLAR RADIATION

Ryszard (Richard) Petela, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Significance of Exergy

Photon gas

Exergy of Emission

Exergy of Arbitrary Radiation

Exergy of Solar Radiation

Concentration of Solar Radiation

Conclusion

ENERGY AND EXERGY PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN EVACUATED MULTI-STAGE SOLAR WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM

H. Sharon, P. Venkata Sai, K.S. Reddy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India

Introduction

Solar Thermal Desalination – Fundamentals and Concepts

Solar Thermal Desalination Processes for Potable Water Production

Multi-Stage Solar Desalination Systems

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Evacuated Multi-Stage Solar Desalination System

Parameters Influencing Performance of Evacuated Multi-stage/Effect Solar Desalination Units

Enviro-Economic Assessment

Distribution of Desalination Systems and Demonstration of Some Solar Multi-Stage Units

Conclusions and Perspectives

THERMODYNAMICS, EXERGY, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF COGENERATION

P.L. Dhar, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, INDIA

Introduction

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Maximum Work Potential of Open Systems and the Concept of Exergy

Cogeneration in Thermal Power Plants

Cogeneration in Solar Power Plants

Exergy Analysis and Sustainability

Concluding Remarks

PLANT AVAILABILITY OF SEAWATER DESALINATION ON MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Masaru Kurihara, Toray Industries, Inc., 3-2-1 Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

Hiromu Takeuchi, Toray Industries, Inc., 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Introduction

Current global market status of SWRO plants

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

CRITICAL REVIEW OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS (CSP): SOLAR TOWER (ST) SYSTEMS VERSUS PARABOLIC TROUGH (PT) SYSTEMS

Huseyin Murat Cekirge, City University of New York, New York, USA & New York University, Brooklyn, USA

Serdar Eser Erturan, City University of New York, New York, USA

Richard Stanley Thorsen, New York University, Brooklyn, USA

Introduction

Thermal Solar Conversion

Comparison of the PT and ST Systems Flat Plate Collector

Conclusions

SIMULATION OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Jayanta Kumar Nayak and Anish Modi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Maharashtra, India

Introduction

Solar Thermal Power Plants

Simulation Methods and Tools

Conclusion

OVERALL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SOLAR POWER PLANT - ENERGY, EXERGY AND EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Ahmet Z. Sahin and Kehinde G. Ismaila, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Introduction

Description of the Power Plant

Thermodynamic Analysis

Economic Analysis

Exergo-Economic Assessment

Single Objective Optimization

Overall Performance Index h

Conclusions and Perspectives

WETTING PHENOMENA IN MEMBRANE DISTILLATION FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION

Mohammad Rezaei, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.

Marek Gryta, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland.

Muhammad R. Bilad, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia

Alba Ruiz-Aguirre, Plataforma Solar de Almería  CIEMAT, Ctra. de Senés s/n km. 4, 04200, Tabernas, Spain

Hamid Fattahi Juybari, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA

Jianhua Zhang, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia

Lebea N. Nthunya, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

Patrick Loulergue, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) Â UMR 6226, France<

Mark W. Hlawitschka, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

Introduction

Principles and Configurations of MD

Challenges in Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination

Wetting Phenomena in Membrane Distillation

Mechanism of Wetting

Wetting Characteristics

Methods of Wetting Detection

Effects of Operational Parameters on Wetting

Models of Wetting

Wetting Prevention and Control

Membrane Design Approach

In-Process Approach

Pilot and Industrial-Scale Considerations

Reversing Membrane Wetting

Conclusions and Perspectives

SALT AND WATER TRANSPORT IN REVERSE OSMOSIS AND BIOFOULING

Haleema Saleem, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Syed Javaid Zaidi, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Introduction

Water and Salt Transport Mechanisms

Factors That Contribute to Transport Properties

Biofouling

Future Directions

SEAWATER DESALINATION MEMBRANES AND EXPERIENCE OF SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGY IN QATAR

Haleema Saleem and Syed Javaid Zaidi, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Introduction

Membrane-Based Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination Technology

Experience of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Technology in Qatar

Conclusion and Future Directions

REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE LIMITS TO THE GLOBAL SOLAR ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

Iñigo Capellán-Pérez, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce s/n, Spain.

Carlos de Castro, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.

Introduction

Categories of renewable energy potentials

Types of solar electric technologies

Overview of published global solar electric potentials in the literature

Review of sustainable limits for global solar electric estimates

Measures to mitigate sustainability impacts of solar electricity

Conclusions

EVOLUTION OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION IN SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION PLANTS USING ENERGY RECOVERY DEVICES

Baltasar Peñate Suárez and Juan A. de la Fuente, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias - Water Department. Playa de Pozo Izquierdo s/n, Las Palmas, Spain

Federico León Zerpa, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Campus de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas, Spain

Introduction

Evolution of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Energy Consumption

Energy Recovery in Reverse Osmosis Desalination - State Of The Art

Energy Recovery Devices

Overview and Comparison of Energy Recovery Devices

Successful Cases in the Canary Islands

Conclusions

HELIOSTAT DEVELOPMENT

Andreas Pfahl, Institute of Solar Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany

Introduction

Requirements

Design

Control and Energy Supply

Heliostat Field Layout

Manufacturing and Assembly

Qualification

Maintenance

Conclusions

EXERGO-ECONOMICS OF DESALINATION SYSTEMS

Muhammad Ahmad Jamila and Muhammad Wakil Shahzada, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

Syed Muhammad Zubairb, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Introduction

Desalination Processes

Thermodynamic Analysis Formulation

Exergo-economic Analysis

Roadmap for Sustainable Water Supplies

DESALINATION IN THE ARABIAN GULF, RISKS AND THREATS

Evan K. Paleologos, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

Introduction

The Water Situation in the Gulf Region

Desalination production in the Arabian Gulf States

Function of the Arabian Gulf water system

Risks and threats to the water of the Arabian Gulf

Conclusions and Perspectives

THERMAL DESIGN AND MECHANICAL STRESSES OF MOLTEN SALT SOLAR POWER TOWERS

M. R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, M. Laporte-Azcué and P. A. González-Gómez, University Carlos III of Madrid, Av. Universidad 30, 28911, Leganés.

Background

Molten-salt Solar Power Tower (SPT)

Plant Design Requirements

ASSESSMENT OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES: CORRECTION TO THE TUNNEL VISION BASIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY TO A HOLISTIC VIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY

Adil Al Radif, 124 Plum Tree Circle, Markham, Ontario, L6C 1W1, Canada

Darwish Al Qubaisi, Ganti Prasada Rao and A. Woldai, International Center for Water and Energy Systems (ICWES) Abu Dhabi, UAE

Introduction

Considerations for Efficiency and Sustainability of Desalination Systems

Energy and Energy Efficiency

The Efficiency Criterion

Factors other than Energy in Desalination Systems

Costs of Pretreatment Systems

Other Factors: Supply of Membranes, Pretreatment Chemicals

The Industrial Ecology Paradigm

Sustainability of Desalination Systems

Conclusions