WATER AND HEALTH - Table of Contents

WATER AND HEALTH

Water-Related Diseases

Public Health Impact of Water-Related Diseases

Control of Water-Related Diseases

Water Treatment Processes

Water Quality Control

Utilization of Water and Related Resources

Future Priorities

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER-RELATED DISEASE

Definitions and Systems for Classifying Water Related Disease

Water-related Infection

Non-infectious Disease Related to Water

Water Associated Disease

Implications for Water-related Surveillance

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES THAT MEET TREATMENT AND INDICATOR SPECIFICATIONS

Indicators of water quality and public health

Public health surveillance of waterborne disease

Epidemiologic studies of endemic waterborne disease

Etiology and causes of endemic water-attributable disease

Quantitative microbial risk assessment

Costs of undetected waterborne diseases

BURDEN OF DISEASE: CURRENT SITUATION AND TRENDS

Discussion

Water-related Health Outcomes

Trends in Risk Factors

Trends in Health Outcomes

Burden of Disease

Regional Patterns

TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES

Water-borne Diseases

Water-washed Diseases

Water-based Diseases

Water-related Insect Vector Diseases

Future Trends

GOALS OF WATER TREATMENT AND DISINFECTION: REDUCTION IN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

Piped Water networks and Waterborne Disease

The Diseases

The Microorganisms

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Illnesses

Drinking Water Associated Morbidity and Mortality

Water Treatment: Control of Pathogens

Health Effects of Drinking Water: Observations and Causes

Management of Health Risk Through Water Treatment

Risk Analysis

Hazard Analysis and Control at Critical Points (HACCP)

Efficacy of Some Water Treatment Processes

Source Water and Treatment Selection

Disinfection

Granular Media Filtration

Membrane Filtration

Advanced Water Treatments

NEW AND EMERGING WATERBORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

New, Emerging, Re-emerging and Resurgent Infectious Diseases

Waterborne Infectious Diseases

Viral Agents

Bacterial Agents

Protozoal Agents

HEALTH IMPACT AND ECONOMIC COSTS OF POOR WATER AND SANITATION

Health Impact

Economic Costs of Poor Water and Sanitation

Impact on the Health Sector

Impact on Households Afflicted with Disease

Other Impacts on Households of Improving Water and/or Sanitation Facilities

Impact on Industry, Agriculture and Private Enterprise

Global Estimates of Economic Costs of Poor Water and Sanitation

Global Estimates of Economic Benefits of Improved Water and Sanitation

Discussion

INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN THE DELIVERY OF WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES

Key Elements for Sustainable Water Services

Barriers to Sustainable Water Services

The Futile Public Private Argument

Some Developing Issues

ZOONOSES ACQUIRED THROUGH DRINKING WATER

General Issues of Zoonotic Disease Acquired through Drinking Water

Zoonotic Protozoa

Zoonotic Bacteria

Zoonotic Helminths

Potential Waterborne Zoonoses

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTANT BY-PRODUCTS

Epidemiological Study Designs

Uncertainty of Risk Estimates

Cancer Risks

Adverse Reproductive and Developmental Outcomes

Cardiovascular Risks

Other Adverse Health Effects

Evaluating the Causality of Reported Associations

Discussion

HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES

Contaminants Introduced in Drinking Water Treatment

Materials Used in Contact with Drinking Water

Water Safety Plans

New Sources of Drinking Water

Naturally Occurring Chemical Contaminants

Contaminants Arising From Agriculture

Contaminants from Industry and Human Habitation

UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

Water Reclamation

Factors Promoting Water Reclamation

Direct and Indirect Reuse

Water Reclamation Technology

Health Considerations in Water Reclamation

Applications of Water Reclamation

Agricultural Irrigation

Groundwater Recharge

Industrial Reuse

Environmental and Recreational Reuse

Non-potable Urban Reuse

Potable Reuse

Public Acceptance

Desalination of Seawater

Desalination Technology

Multistage Flash

Multi-effect Distillation

Vapor Compression Distillation

Reverse Osmosis

Electrodialysis

Freezing

Membrane Distillation

Quality of Product Water

Comparison of Distillation Processes and Reverse Osmosis

Dual Purpose Systems

POINT-OF-USE WATER TREATMENT FOR HOME AND TRAVEL

Potential Solutions for Small Communities

Point-of-Use and Personal Water Treatment

Water Treatment Technologies for Home Applications

TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE OF WATER IN HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT PIPED SUPPLIES OF TREATED WATER

Boiling

Chlorination

Solar Disinfection

Ceramic Filtration

Biosand (Intermittent Sand) Filters

Flocculation-Disinfection

Safe Storage

Cost and Affordability

Acceptability, Affordability and Sustainability

QUANTIFYING HEALTH RISKS IN WASTEWATER IRRIGATION

Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis

Post-treatment Health-protection Control Measures

Helminth Eggs

Wastewater Treatment

IMPACTS OF EUTROPHICATION ON THE SAFETY OF DRINKING- AND RECREATIONAL WATER

What is Eutrophication?

Effects of Eutrophication

Cyanobacteria

Health Implications of Eutrophication from Consumption and Recreational Exposure

Guideline Values, Policy and Legislation

The Future

GROUNDWATER AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Subsurface Behavior of Viruses

Factors Affecting Attachment of Viruses to Soil

Factors Affecting Virus Inactivation in the Subsurface

Advection and Dispersion of Viruses

Model Viruses

Virus Removal by Soil Passage

Removal of Bacteria and Protozoa by Soil Passage

Recommendations and Future Developments

AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE

Introductory statement

Nature of the industry

Sources of Fecal Contamination Impacting Water Quality

Pathogens Contaminating Molluskan Shellfish and Growing Waters

Toxins and Chemicals

Control Strategies for Bivalve Mollusks

Future Prospects

RECREATION IN NATURAL WATER RESOURCES

Recreational Waters

Risks while Recreating

Guidelines and Standards for Monitoring

Pollution

Sources of Fecal Pollution

Reservoirs of Fecal Pollution and Toxins

Impacts and Events

Protection of Recreational Water Sites

Recreating Safely

DRY SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES - CAN THEY BE SUSTAINABLE?

Challenges Posed in the Up-scaling of Onsite Dry Sanitation Systems

What Happens in the Pit?

Implications of Research Findings on Long Term Sustainability of VIPs

A concerning social phenomenon related to dry sanitation

HUMAN HEALTH IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

The Burden of Water-related Diseases

Vector Borne Diseases Associated With Water Resources Development

Water Management for Vector Control

Health Impact Assessment

Water Resources Development and the Urban Environment

TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA

What are Cyanobacteria?

Causes of Bloom

Toxins

Human Health Effects from Cyanobacteria

Environmental Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria

Controls

The Future

MULTIPLE USES OF WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH

Water for People, Food, and the Environment: a Common Resource

Human Health: a Cross Cutting Issue in Water Resources Development

Limitations to Conventional Approaches in the Domestic Water Supply Sector

Domestic Use of Irrigation Water

Newly Emerging Water Quality Problems

Saline Groundwater

Impact of Irrigation Management on Availability of Water for Domestic Use

Urban Water Supply and Agriculture

HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Definitions of Health and Health Impact Assessment

The Health Impact Assessment Process

HIA Examples

Discussion and Conclusions

SAFE DRINKING WATER IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY: PRIORITIES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

Risk Assessment

The Pathogens

The Phenomenon of "New Disease"

Biofilms

Chemicals

Gene Arrays

Priorities in Public Health - Conclusion

WATER SAFETY PLANS FOR WATER TECHNOLOGIES

Application of Water Safety Plans

System Description

Hazard Assessment

Greywater Reuse Hazard Assessment

Matrix Development

Monitoring and Maintenance

HYGIENE PROMOTION

Planning and implementation of hygiene promotion

Monitoring and evaluation of hygiene promotion

Overviews of hygiene promotion

Situation analysis

ECONOMICS AND FINANCING IN THE WATER SECTOR

Water Pricing

Impacts of Water Scarcity and Externalities Costs

Key Factors to Speed the Water Business Change

A Growing Industry Needs Comparing with Peers

MONITORING DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES

Scientific Basis

Principles and Approaches

Legislative and Regulatory Aspects and Implementation

MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT (CATCHMENT TO TAP)

Microbiological Water Quality Indicators

Methods of Assessment

Water Quality Management

Future Trends and Perspectives

ROLE OF WATER REUSE IN MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WATER RESOURCES

Uses for recycled water in the Urban Environment

Production of Recycled water

The Market

The Pricing Structure

An Appropriate Regulatory Environment

User and Community Acceptance

THE USES OF RECYCLED WATER

Reuse for Agriculture

Amenity Uses

Domestic Non Human Consumption Urban Use

Indirect Potable (Drinking Water) Use

Industrial Use

Environmental Use

The viability of recycled water use - Economics

Components of Successful Water Recycling

COMING TO TERMS WITH NATURE: WATER REUSE NEW PARADIGM TOWARDS INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Towards an integral definition of water reuse

How to overcome people’s fear of reused water

What we know about natural water reuse

Natural water reuse origin

Situation by type of water body

Control

HELMINTH OVA CONTROL IN WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE

General Information

Helminth Ova in Wastewater and Sludge

Helminth Ova Characteristics

Helminth Ova Removal from Wastewater

Helminth Ova Inactivation in Sludge

Helminth Ova Inactivation in Fecal Sludge

Analytical Techniques