Desware Contents | Sample Chapters
The renewable energies in the antiquity
The power of the sun
The development of solar distillation
The solar driven desalination
The energy of the mother gaia
The power of aeolos
The power of the moving waters
The impulsive power of poseidon
The sun as an energy source
The geothermal energy
The hydraulic energy
Wind energy resources
Biomass as an energy source
Thermal energy from biomass
The Ocean Systems Energy Resources
Commercial Desalination Processes and Their Energy Consumption
Available Renewable Energy Sources
Devices for Transforming Renewable Energy into Useful Energy for Desalination
Coupling of Desalination Processes and Renewable Energy
Current Status
Selection Criteria among Different RE Desalination Technologies
Performance of Selected RE Desalination Projects
Economics of RE Desalination
What is Sustainability?
Review of Desalination Technologies
Desalination using Solar Energy
Desalination using other Renewable Energies
The need of desalination for economic development in the remote arid areas
The need of energy for desalination
The availability of renewable energy
The economic and social benefits of using renewable energy for desalination
Examples of arid remote regions where renewable energy for desalination can have a high economic potential
Sensible Heat Storage
Latent Heat (Phase Change) Storage
Combined Sensible and Latent Heat Storage
Some Recent Developments
Systems with Internal Storage
Systems with External Storage
Storage Sizing
Resources
Technology
Economic Aspects
Environmental Consideration
Prospect
Tides
Tidal Power Plants
Tidal Desalination Technologies
Economic Comparisons with Wind and Solar Energy
Resources
Technology
Economic Aspects
Environmental Consideration
Prospect
Worldwide distribution of wind energy resources
Wind turbine technology
Economic, Social and Environmental impacts of Wind energy utilization
Evaluation of greenhouse warming mitigation potential of wind power
The Sun as the wind driver
The Nature of wind
Wind power statistics
Estimating Wind Power
Siting for Wind Energy
Historical perspective
Heat transfer from geothermal reservoirs
Geothermal energy utilization
Electricity generation
Water production from geothermal sources
Idealized liquid-dominated reservoirs
Water and power generation: effects of some system parameters
Multiple-effect and multistage distillation processes Energy-budget management
Processes for decentralized desalination
Water-budget management
Solids-budget management
Introduction
Energy Emitted by the Sun
Sun-Earth Geometry - Time
Sun Geometry Perceived by an Observer - Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere
Concepts of Scattering and Absorption - Terrestrial Radiation
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere - Spectral Distribution of the Radiation
Radiative Components at Ground Level
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Concentration of Radiation
Conversion of Radiation to Heat
Conversion of Heat to Electricity
Technical Concepts
Parabolic Dishes
Central Receiver Systems
Solar Furnaces
Introduction
Parabolic-trough collectors: working principle and components
Optical, thermal and geometrical losses in a parabolic-trough collector
Energy flow and thermal energy delivered by a parabolic-trough collector
Design of solar fields with parabolic-trough collectors
Different ways to couple a parabolic-trough solar field with an industrial process
The Direct Steam Generation Technology
Thermal energy storage systems for parabolic-trough collectors
Electricity generation with parabolic-trough collectors
Introduction
Low Temperature Solar Collectors
Thermal Analysis of Collectors
Performance of Solar Collectors
Solar Collector Applications
The General Photovoltaic System
Non-concentrating PV systems
Tracking and Concentrating PV system
Introduction
What we see today
History
Photovoltaic generation
The solar resources
Photovoltaic applications
Technology
The future of PV
Solar Collector aoolication
Definitions
Main Collector Components
Characteristics of Flat-Plate Collectors
Dynamic characteristicsof a collector
The thermal characteristics of a collector
Shading of the Collectors
Basic calculation methods
The heat transfer loss coefficients
Estimation of thermal load
Historical Background
The solar Pond
Desalination process coupled to the solar pond
Cost of solar hot water systems
Cost of conventional hot water system
Effect of inflation
Rate of interest
Method of Life cycle cost
Methodology
Present worth factor
Comparison Methodology
Current Designs of Evacuated Tube Collectors
Thermal Analysis
Analysis of Flat Plate Evacuated Tube Collector
Analysis of Concentric-Tube Collector
Performance of Evacuated Tube Collectors
Case Study (Collector Field at the Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant)
History of Trough development
State of the Art of trough applications
Trough Technologies
Prospects and Potential
Cost and economic aspects
Heliostates: types and design shapes
Heliostat angles
Heliostat field: heliostat layout
Heliostat field: cosine effect
Heliostat field: preliminary sizing of the field
Heliostat field: usefulness efficiency
Reflected solar radiation
The effective sunshape
Principal images and relation between receiver and image planes
Models to predict the solar flux density distribution on the image plane
Solar flux density distribution on the receiver surface using the separation of variables/ superposition technique
Receivers: types and losses
Preliminary sizing of the receiver
Overall system optimization
Configuration of Simple Solar Stills
Theoretical Analysis of Simple Solar Stills
Performance of Solar stills
Modified simple (passive) stills
Externally heated (active) stills
Other types of solar distillation systems
Why Multi Effect?
Double Effect Basin Stills
Multi Effect Multi Wick Stills
Multi Effect Diffusion Stills
Other Distillation Systems
General specifications of solar stills
Transparent cover
Evaporator liner
Solar still frame
Sealants
Insulation
Auxiliaries (piping, pumping and reservoirs)
Basic Parameters and energy demand for Osmosis
Solar Power conversion Systems
Reverse Osmosis system Configuration and Operation Aspects
Solar Powered desalination units
Costs
Importance of Water
Water Pollution and its Effects
Principles of Solar Distillation: A State-of-the-Art
Classification of Solar Distillation Systems
Heat and Mass Transfer in Solar Distillation
Performance of Solar Still
Solar Chemistry
Artificial Solar Photochemical Processes
Biological Photosynthetic Processes
Photochemical Synthetic Applications
Solar Photocatalytic Processes to Water Contaminants Treatment
Gas Phase Photocatalytic Treatment Processes
Pilot Scale Solar Photochemical Facilities
Photochemistry Principles
The Solar Spectrum
Evaluation of Solar Photo Flux inside Photoreactors
Simplified Methods for Comparing Experiments when Working with Solar Radiation
The sun and the radiation emitted
The extraterrestrial radiation
The co-ordinate systems: The basic solar angles
Computation of insolation at the earth' surface
Application of solar radiation
The impact of solar energy to the environment
System Configurations
Design and Sizing Considerations
Economic Ground Rules and Water Cost Optimization
Results
Basic Design Concept of Solar desalination
Performance During Commissioning tests
Performance History
Major Maintenance Activities
Evaluation of Water Cost
System description
System operating conditions
Mathematical Modeling of system components
Simulation Program
Introduction
Properties of Radiation Fluxes
Concentration of Solar Radiation
Photothermal Conversion
Photovoltaic Conversion
Photochemical Conversion
Introduction
History of Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant
Description of Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant
Measurements and Data Acquisition System
Data Analysis
Weather Condition in Abu Dhabi
Operating Characteristics
Plant Maintenance and Modifications
Simulation Program and its Validation
Evaluation of the Test Plant
Economic Considerations and Comparison with Conventional MED Plants
Results of the Economic Study
The Sun
Atmospheric effects and Electro-magnetic Radiation (EMR) spectrum
Astronomic effects
Meteorological effects
Topographic effects
Solar parameters
Solar radiation modeling
Astronomic calculations
Solar-Hydrogen Energy
Desalination Process by Humidification and Dehumidification
Seawater Greenhouse Process (SWGH): Principles and Fundamentals
Design of SWGH
Overview on the installed SWGH projects: Case Studies
What is a Solar Pond?
The Design and Performance of Solar Ponds
Experimental and Demonstration Solar Ponds
Applications of Solar Ponds
State of the Art and Future Directions
Introduction
Preparing, Coating and Incorporating TiO2. Thickness of the TiO2-containing Layer
Increasing the Photocatalytic Efficacy. Better Harvesting Sun Light
Hydrophilicity Induced by Solar Irradiation Contributes to the Self-cleaning Effect
Limitations to the Self-cleaning Effect
Measurements of the Self-cleaning Efficacy
Measurements of the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Self-cleaning Materials
Can Self-cleaning Materials Significantly Contribute to Outdoor Air Pollutants Removal?
Do TiO2-containing, Self-cleaning Materials Present a Potential Health Risk?
Commercialization of Self-cleaning Materials and Coatings
Introduction
Problems for Sustainability in the 21st Century
Basic Solar Energy Data
Solar Technologies
Solar Energy Applications
Conclusions
Fundamental Parameters in Solar Photocatalysis
Factors Affecting Solar Photocatalysis
Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Contaminants
Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection of Water
Introduction
Solar Collectors for Photochemical Processes
Peculiarities of Solar Tracking and Non-Tracking Systems
Technological Issues
Gas-Phase Photochemical Technology
Introduction
Solar Photocatalytic Treatment Plants
Cost Estimations
Water Phase Photocatalytic Applications
Water Disinfection
Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Applications
Contaminated Landfill Cleaning
Introduction
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Chlorophenols
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Pesticides
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of NBCS
Solar-TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Cyanide
Solar Photo-Fenton
Photoelectrochemical Reactors Development
Introduction
Factors Affecting Photosynthetic Microorganisms
Photobioreactors
Biomass and Product Recovery
Industrial Applications
Introduction
Assessment of Recent Developments in Thermal Desalination Systems
Water and Power Production by Co-generation
Thermodynamics Analyses of Thermal Desalination Systems
Conclusion and Future Outlook
Introduction
The MED Classifications
Comparison of the MED with MSF and SWRO Desalting Systems
MED with Innovative Adsorption Cycle (MEDAD)
MED with Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
Development of MED-TVC System
Thermal Analysis of large ME-TVC System
Key Performance Parameters and Characteristics of ME-TVC
Optimization of ME-TVC Desalination System
Introduction
Omnicolar Photothermal and Photovoltaic Converters
Multicolor photothermal power plants
Four-color photothermal converters
Conclusion
Introduction
Thermodynamics of Solar Photovoltaic Conversion
Upper Limit efficiencies of Photovoltaic energy conversion
Comparison of Theoretical and Practical Efficiencies of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
Conclusions and Perspectives
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Matlab/Simulink Modeling Environment
Design Results for Large Scale Desalination Plants
Conclusions and Perspectives
Introduction
Introduction to Forward Osmosis
Drawbacks of Forward Osmosis Desalination
Successful Applications of Desalination
Future Applications of Desalination
Future Directions
Introduction
Desalination: Past Trends and Future Drivers
Global State of Desalination
Desalination: Considerations, Challenges and Opportunities
Global State of Brine Production
Brine production: Considerations, Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion and Future Outlook
Back Ground
An Overview of Conventional Desalination System
Features of Adsorption – Adsorption Principle, Adsorbent and Refrigerants
Hybrid Adsorption System Cogenerating Desalination and Cooling Effect
Developments in Adsorption Desalination System: Different Configurations
Absorption Desalination System- An Overview
Large Scale Absorption Desalination System
Installations of the Adsorption and Absorption Desalination Systems
Introduction
Applications of DCDs in HDH systems
Sustainable DCD systems
Effectiveness of DCDs
Concluding remarks
Importance of Thermodynamic Analysis
Considered System
Mass Conservation Equations
Energy Analysis
Entropy Growth
Exergy Analysis
Efficiencies
Conclusion with illustrative exemplary observations
Significance of Exergy
Photon gas
Exergy of Emission
Exergy of Arbitrary Radiation
Exergy of Solar Radiation
Concentration of Solar Radiation
Conclusion
Introduction
Description of the Power Plant
Thermodynamic Analysis
Economic Analysis
Exergo-Economic Assessment
Single Objective Optimization
Overall Performance Index h
Conclusions and Perspectives
Introduction
Current global market status of SWRO plants
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Thermal Solar Conversion
Comparison of the PT and ST Systems Flat Plate Collectors
Conclusions
Introduction
Principles and Configurations of MD
Challenges in Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination
Wetting Phenomena in Membrane Distillation
Mechanism of Wetting
Wetting Characteristics
Methods of Wetting Detection
Effects of Operational Parameters on Wetting
Models of Wetting
Wetting Prevention and Control
Membrane Design Approach
In-Process Approach
Pilot and Industrial-Scale Considerations
Reversing Membrane Wetting
Conclusions and Perspectives
Introduction
Solar Thermal Power Plants
Simulation Methods and Tools
Conclusion
Introduction
Desalination processes
Thermodynamic analysis formulation
Exergo-economic analysis
Roadmap for Sustainable Water Supplies
Introduction
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Maximum Work Potential of Open Systems
Cogeneration in Thermal Power Plants
Cogeneration in Solar Power Plants
Exergy Analysis and Sustainability
Concluding Remarks
Introduction
Solar Thermal Desalination – Fundamentals and Concepts
Solar Thermal Desalination Processes for Potable Water Production
Multi-Stage Solar Desalination Systems
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Evacuated Multi-Stage Solar Desalination System
Parameters Influencing Performance of Evacuated Multi-stage/Effect Solar Desalination Units
Enviro-Economic Assessment
Distribution of Desalination Systems and Demonstration of Some Solar Multi-Stage Units
Conclusions and Perspectives
Introduction
Evolution of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Energy Consumption
Energy Recovery in Reverse Osmosis Desalination - State Of The Art
Energy Recovery Devices
Overview and Comparison of Energy Recovery Devices
Successful Cases in the Canary Islands
Conclusions
Introduction
The Water Situation in the Gulf Region
Desalination production in the Arabian Gulf States
Function of the Arabian Gulf water system
Risks and threats to the water of the Arabian Gulf
Conclusions and Perspectives
Introduction
Membrane-Based Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination Technology
Experience of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Technology in Qatar
Conclusion and Future Directions
Introduction
Water and Salt Transport Mechanisms
Factors That Contribute to Transport Properties
Biofouling
Future Directions
Introduction
Considerations for Efficiency and Sustainability of Desalination Systems
Energy and Energy Efficiency
The Efficiency Criterion
Factors other than Energy in Desalination Systems
Costs of Pretreatment Systems
Other Factors: Supply of Membranes, Pretreatment Chemicals
The Industrial Ecology Paradigm
Sustainability of Desalination Systems
Conclusions
Introduction
Requirements
Design
Control and Energy Supply
Heliostat Field Layout
Manufacturing and Assembly
Qualification
Maintenance
Conclusions
Introduction
Categories of renewable energy potentials
Types of solar electric technologies
Overview of published global solar electric potentials in the literature
Review of sustainable limits for global solar electric estimates
Measures to mitigate sustainability impacts of solar electricity
Conclusions
Background
Molten-salt Solar Power Tower (SPT)
Plant Design Requirements
